Polarization as The Impact of Strengthening of Anti-Vaccine Groups in Social Media (Echo Chamber Perspective)
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Abstract
Abstrak
Pada masa pandemi Covid-19, kelompok anti-vaksin telah menggunakan media sosial untuk menyebarkan ketidakpercayaan terhadap dampak vaksin Covid-19 secara homogen dengan sesama anggotanya sehingga fenomena echo chamber tersebut dinilai mampu menciptakan polarisasi. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis fenomena polarisasi dari aspek penguatan opini, perdebatan yang memicu amarah dan upaya mempertahankan ideologi sebagai dampak kelompok anti-vaksin yang masuk dalam echo chamber. Metode yang digunakan adalah tinjauan literatur naratif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Hasil kajian ini menyampaikan bahwa secara konseptual echo chamber memperkuat eksistensi kelompok anti-vaksin Covid-19 di media sosial dan mampu menciptakan polarisasi. Sifat media sosial yang mampu menyebarkan konten lintas negara dinilai memicu penguatan opini anti-vaksin. Dukungan tokoh publik di media sosial menjadi salah satu penyebab meluasnya kampanye tersebut karena pendukungnya turut menyuarakan hal yang sama. Adapun kelompok anti-vaksin kerap membalas pesan dengan bahasa yang memicu emosi. Pesan emosional menjadi salah satu karakteristik polarisasi karena merupakan mekanisme dalam mempertahankan ideologi. Selain itu, informasi perdebatan anti-vaksin cenderung memiliki kualitas informasi yang rendah karena banyak terjadi bias konfirmasi dimana kelompok anti-vaksin hanya percaya konten dengan pandangan yang sama. Sistem yang tertutup dari echo chamber menjadi pemicu bagaimana seseorang hanya akan mempercayai informasi yang disampaikan oleh kelompoknya.
Kata kunci: echo chamber, anti-vaksin, misinformasi, Covid-19, polarisasi
Abstract
During the Covid-19 pandemic, anti-vaccine groups have used social media to spread distrust the impact of Covid-19 vaccine homogeneously with their members so the echo chamber phenomenon is considered capable of creating polarization. This study aims to analyze the polarization phenomenon from the aspect of strengthening opinions, debates that trigger anger and efforts to maintain ideology. The method used is a narrative literature review with a qualitative approach. The results convey that conceptually the echo chamber strengthens the existence of the anti-vaccine group on social media and able to create polarization. The nature of social media that is able to spread content across countries is considered to trigger the strengthening of anti-vaccine opinion. The support of public figures on social media was one of the causes of the spread of the campaign because their supporters also voiced the same thing. The anti-vaccine groups often reply a messages that triggers emotions. Emotional messages become one of the polarization characteristics because it is a mechanism in defending ideology. Information on anti-vaccine debates have low quality because there is a lot of confirmation bias. The closed system of the echo chamber triggers how someone will only believe the information conveyed by his group.
Keywords: echo chamber, anti-vaccination, misinformation, Covid-19, polarization
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