Metafora sebagai Kekuatan Retorik dalam Editorial Media Massa

Main Article Content

Mulharnetti Syas
Udi Rusadi

Abstract

 Editorial as a space of opinion for the media trying to influence its readers both through the structure of editorial anatomy and the use of language. One aspect of language is the use of metaphors. This article reports the results of research about how the rhetorical power of metaphors in the structure of editorial anatomy. The concepts and theories used are about metaphors as thoughts, editorial structures, and persuasive acts of rhetoric, namely: logos, ethos, and pathos. The method used to find the rhetorical meaning of the metaphor is the Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP) that was presented by the Pragglejaz. The editorial studied is the editorial of the Republika Newspaper and Media Indonesia Newspaper. The results of the study showed that there are two major issues, namely the issue of a new cabinet and the issue of corruption. Metaphors are used in the anatomy of editorial attention, conviction, and direction, but they are not comprehensive. Metaphors become rhetorical powers as part of logos and phatos. The metaphors used in the new cabinet issue give warnings and demands to the elected president about the cabinet being drafted. The metaphors used in the issue of corruption build a picture and thought that the existing parliament does not have legitimacy as people's representatives. Theoretically, this research finds a double metaphorical rhetoric with an editorial anatomical structure that reinforces the persuasive dimensions of rhetoric on the elements of logos and phatos.

Keywords: Editorial, Media, Metaphor, Rhetoric, Structure

Editorial sebagai ruang opini bagi media berusaha untuk memengaruhi pembacanya, baik melalui struktur anatomi editorial, maupun penggunaan bahasa. Salah satu aspek bahasa adalah penggunaan metafora. Artikel ini melaporkan hasil penelitian tentang bagaimana  kekuatan retorik metafora dalam struktur anatomi editorial. Konsep dan teori yang digunakan ialah tentang metafora sebagai pemikiran, struktur editorial, dan tindakan persuasif retorika, yaitu:  logos, ethos dan pathos. Metode yang digunakan untuk menemukan makna retorik metafora ialah Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP) yang dikemukakan Pragglejaz Group.  Editorial yang diteliti ialah editorial Suratkabar Republika dan Media Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, terdapat dua isu besar yang mengunakan metafora, yaitu isu kabinet baru  dan isu  korupsi. Metafora digunakan pada anatomi editorial attention, conviction, dan direction, tetapi tidak menyeluruh. Metafora menjadi kekuatan retorik sebagai bagian dari  logos dan phatos. Metafora yang digunakan dalam isu kabinet baru memberikan peringatan dan tuntutan pada presiden terpilih tentang kabinet yang disusun. Metafora yang digunakan dalam isu korupsi membangun gambaran dan pemikiran bahwa parlemen yang ada tidak memiliki legitimasi sebagai wakil rakyat. Secara teoritis,  penelitian ini menemukan retorika ganda (double rehoric)  metafora dengan struktur anatomi editorial yang memperkuat dimensi persuasif  reorika pada unsur logos dan phatos.

 Kata Kunci:  Editorial, Media, Metafora; Retorika, Struktur

Article Details

Section
Articles

References

Ansary, H., & Babaii, E. (2005). The generic integrity of newspaper editorials: A systemic functional perspective. RELC Journal, 36(3), 271–295. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688205060051

Chrateris-Black, Jonathan. 2004. Corpus Approaches to CriticalMetaphor Analysis. New York: Palgrave Mcmilian

Cisneros, J. David (2008). Contaminated Communities: The Metaphor of “Immigrant as Pollutant” in Media Representations of Immigration. Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 11(4), 569–601. https://doi.org/10.1353/rap.0.0068

Eriyanto. (2012). Analisis Wacana Pengantar Analisis Teks Media. Yogyakarta: PT. LkiS Printing Cemerlang

Fahnestock, Jeane.2012. Rhetorical Style. The User of Languagein Persuasion. Oxford : Oxfor University Press.

Griffin, EM. 2015. A First Look at Communication theory. Eight edition. New York : Mc Graw Hill

Guba, Egon G and Lincoln, Yvonna S. (2005) Contradiction, and Emerging Conluences, in Denzin, Norman and Lincoln, Yvonnna s. The Handbook of Qualitative Research, 3rd edition, London: Sage Publication

Johnson, Eric J.2010 . Proposition 23: Critical Metaphor Analysis. Bilingual Research Journal.29:1, 69-84, DOI :http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/152358822005.10162824.

Kato-Yoshioka, A. (2016). Differences in structural tendencies between Japanese newspaper editorials and front-page columns: Focus on the location of the main topic. Discourse Studies, 18(6), 676–694. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445616667181

Kövecses, Zoltán. 2010. Metaphor.A Practical Introduction. Second Edition. New York: Okxord University Press

Kövecses, Zoltán. 2010 Recent developments in metaphor theory Are the new views rival ones? In in Francisco Gonzálvez-García, María Sandra Peña Cervel. Lorena Pérez Hernández. Metaphor and Metonymy revisited beyond the Contemporary Theory of Metaphor Recent developments and applications. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company

Lakoff, George. 2008.The Neural theory of metaphor in Raymond W. Gibbs, Jr (editor). The Cambridge Handbook of Metaphor and Thought.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lakoff, George and Johnson, Mark. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press

Litlejohn, Stphenson. Fos, Karen A. Oetzel, John G.2017. Theories of Human Communication. Eleventh Edition.Illinois: Waveland Press,INC.

Liu, F. (2018). Lexical metaphor as affiliative bond in newspaper editorials: a systemic functional linguistics perspective. Functional Linguistics, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40554-018-0054-z

Lule, J. (2004). War and its metaphors: News language and the prelude to war in Iraq, 2003. Journalism Studies, 5(2), 179–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670042000211168

Magaña, D., & Matlock, T. (2018). How Spanish speakers use metaphor to describe their experiences with cancer. Discourse and Communication, 12(6), 627–644. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750481318

McQuail, Denis (1992). Media Performance: Mass Communicatio and Public Interest, London: Sage Publications

McQual, Denis. 2010. McQuail’s Mass Communication Theory, 6th edition, London: SAGE Publications Ltd

Moleong, L. (2017). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya

Nahid Fallah, Nahid dan Moini, Mohammad Raouf, (2016). A Critical Metaphor Analysis of Arab Uprisings in “The Washington Post” and “Keyhan” Editorials: Metaphor and the Social World 6:1 (2016), 79–102. doi 10.1075/msw.6.1.04fal, issn 2210–4070 / e-issn 2210–4097 © John Benjamins Publishing Company, University of Kashan, Iran, https://moscow.sci-hub.tw/5320/20a320c29bb007d96e73ff9e6d214246/fallah2016.pdf?download=true

Patton, Michael Quinn.(2002). Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods. 3rd. edition, London: Sage Publications

Refaie, Elisabeth El (2001). Metaphors we Discriminate by: Naturalized Themes in Austrian Newspaper Articles about Asylum Seekers. Journal of Sociolinguistics 5/3, 2001: 352-371, United Kingdom: University of Bradford

Sahlane, A. (2013). Metaphor as rhetoric: Newspaper Op/Ed debate of the prelude to the 2003 Iraq War. Critical Discourse Studies, 10(2), 154–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2012.736397

Steen, Gerard J. 2010. The contemporary theory of metaphor — now new and improved ? in Francisco Gonzálvez-García, María Sandra Peña Cervel. Lorena Pérez Hernández. Metaphor and Metonymy revisited beyond the Contemporary Theory of Metaphor Recent developments and applications. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company

Steuter, Erin dan Wills, Deborah (2008). At War with Metaphor: Media, Propaganda, and Racism in the War on Terror. Lexington Books, United Kingdom: A division of Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.

Sugiyono. (2009). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R&B. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya.

Sumadiria, A.S. Haris (2004). Menulis Artikel dan Tajuk Rencana: Panduan Praktis Penulis dan Jurnalis Profesional, Bandung: Simbiosa Rekatama Medua

Van Dijk, T. A. (1980). Macrostructures: An Interdisciplinary Study of Global Structures in Discourse, Interaction, and Cognition.

Wolseley, Rolland E. (1969). Understanding Magazines, The IOWA State Universities Press

Zarza, S., & Tan, H. (2016). Patterns of schematic structure and strategic features in newspaper editorials: A comparative study of American and Malaysian editorials. Discourse and Communication, 10(6), 635–657. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750481316674754