Kesenjangan Digital Tingkat Ketiga pada Pemuda Pedesaan di Kabupaten Cianjur, Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31504/komunika.v10i1.4260Keywords:
kesenjangan digital, komunitas masyarakat pedesaan, kesenjangan sosial, pemudaAbstract
Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi kesenjangan digital pada pemuda pedesaan di Kabupaten Cianjur, Jawa Barat, Indonesia di masa pandemi Covid-19, menggunakan konsep kesenjangan digital tingkat ketiga yang digagas oleh Massimo Ragnedda (2017). Studi-studi sebelumnya tentang kesenjangan digital di masyarakat pedesaan dan pemuda cenderung membahas masalah kesenjangan digital tingkat pertama dan tingkat kedua yang berfokus pada kesenjangan akses dan perbedaan pengalaman dalam menggunakan TIK. Namun, penelitian-penelitian tersebut tidak mampu menjelaskan kesenjangan digital dalam mereproduksi ketimpangan sosial, sehingga penelitian ini mencoba mengeksplorasi reproduksi tersebut melalui analisis kesenjangan digital tingkat ketiga. Data kuantitatif dikumpulkan melalui kuesioner online yang diisi secara mandiri oleh 368 responden yang tersebar di empat desa yang mewakili karakteristik wilayah desa di Kabupaten Cianjur. Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan bahwa gender, tingkat pendidikan, kelas pekerjaan dan tingkat pendapatan berpengaruh terhadap tingkat pemanfaatan TIK bagi pemuda pedesaan di Kabupaten Cianjur. Selain itu, karakteristik pedesaan sebagai variabel kontrol memengaruhi hubungan antara variabel usia, jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan, kelas pekerjaan dan tingkat pendapatan dengan tingkat pemanfaatan TIK. Tingkat pemanfaatan TIK dalam studi ini menunjukkan fenomena kesenjangan digital tingkat ketiga, yaitu fenomena adanya gap antara mereka yang mendapat manfaat dari TIK dan mereka yang tidak mendapat manfaat dari TIK. Tingkat pemanfaatan TIK yang dipengaruhi oleh variabel-variabel di atas menunjukkan bahwa kesenjangan digital tingkat ketiga mereproduksi ketimpangan sosial yang telah ada di kalangan anak muda pedesaan di Kabupaten Cianjur, Jawa Barat. Faktor demografi, kondisi struktur sosial dan karakteristik wilayah pedesaan menjadi basis sosial yang timpang dan berpotensi untuk semakin diperparah dengan adanya perbedaan manfaat yang didapat oleh pemuda pedesaan di Kabupaten Cianjur dari teknologi informasi dan komunikasi.
References
Alam, G. M., Alam, K., Mushtaq, S., Khatun, M. N., & Mamun, M. A. K. (2019). Influence of socio-demographic factors on mobile phone adoption in rural Bangladesh: Policy implications. Information Development, 35(5), 739–748. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266666918792040
APJII. 2020b. Alokasi Dana Desa Dorong Penetrasi Internet di Daerah. Buletin APJII Edisi 76 Des 2020. Tersedia di https://apjii.or.id/content/read/104/508/BULETIN-APJII-EDISI-76---Desember-2020 (diakses pada 21 Mei 2021 pukul 01.20 WIB).
APJII. 2020c. Laporan Survei Internet APJII 2019 – 2020 (Q2). Tersedia di https://apjii.or.id/survei (diakses pada 21 Mei 2021 pukul 13.04 WIB).
Azwar, Saifuddin. 2010. Metodologi Penelitian. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar
Bailey, J. (2016). University of Ottawa Press. EAcces to Justice, May 2020, 177–213. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5hjk9x.8
Berner, J., Rennemark, M., Jogréus, C., Anderberg, P., Sköldunger, A., Wahlberg, M., Elmståhl, S., & Berglund, J. (2015). Factors influencing Internet usage in older adults (65 years and above) living in rural and urban Sweden. Health Informatics Journal, 21(3), 237–249. https://doi.org/10.1177/1460458214521226
Brownlee, K., Graham, J. R., Doucette, E., Hotson, N., Brownlee, K., Graham, J. R., Doucette, E., Hotson, N., & Halverson, G. (2010). Influenced Rural Social Work Practice ? 40(2), 622–637.
Chai, X., & Kalyal, H. (2019). Cell Phone Use and Happiness Among Chinese Older Adults: Does Rural/Urban Residence Status Matter? Research on Aging, 41(1), 85–109. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027518792662
Dralega, C. (2011). Rural women ’ s ICT use in Uganda : Collective action for development. Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity, 21(71), 42–52.
Gilbert, E., Karahalios, K., & Sandvig, C. (2010). The network in the garden: Designing social media for rural life. American Behavioral Scientist, 53(9), 1367–1388. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764210361690
Guo, Y., & Chen, P. (2011). Digital divide and social cleavage: Case studies of ICT usage among peasants in contemporary China. China Quarterly, 207(207), 580–599. https://doi.org/10.1017/S030574101100066X
Hidayat, Wandha Nur. 2020. Kemendikbud Gagap PJJ, Ketimpangan Pembelajaran Kian Lebar. Tersedia di https://www.validnews.id/Kemendikbud-Gagap-PJJ--Ketimpangan-Pembelajaran-Kian-Lebar-EcX (diakses pada 3 Desember 2020 pukul 01:07 WIB).
Karar, H. (2019). Algorithmic Capitalism and the Digital Divide in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Developing Societies, 35(4), 514–537. https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796X19890758
Lembani, R., Gunter, A., Breines, M., & Dalu, M. T. B. (2020). The same course, different access: the digital divide between urban and rural distance education students in South Africa. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 44(1), 70–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/03098265.2019.1694876
Park, Youn-Min (2008). Reassessing Korean IT Policy to Link Rural Online : The Missing Gap of Korean Rural E- Readiness. Journal of International and Area Studies, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Descember 2008), pp. 69-85.
Ragnedda, M. (2017). The Third Digital Divide. In The Third Digital Divide. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315606002
Rao, S. S. (2008). Social development in Indian rural communities: Adoption of telecentres. International Journal of Information Management, 28(6), 474–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2008.01.001
Singh, N., Zhou, Y., Williams, K., Kendall, J., & Kaushik, P. D. (2013). Bridging the Digital Divide in Rural India. Review of Market Integration, 5(1), 1–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0974929213496499
Timmis, S., & Muhuro, P. (2019). De-coding or de-colonising the technocratic university? Rural students’ digital transitions to South African higher education. Learning, Media and Technology, 44(3), 252–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2019.1623250
Townsend, L., Sathiaseelan, A., Fairhurst, G., & Wallace, C. (2013). Enhanced broadband access as a solution to the social and economic problems of the rural digital divide. Local Economy, 28(6), 580–595. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269094213496974
Pattinasarany, Indera Ratna Irawaty (2012). Mobilitas Sosial Vertikal Antar Generasi: Kajian terhadap Masyarakat Kota di Provinsi Jawa Barat dan Jawa Timur. Disertasi Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Indonesia 2012.
Venkatesh, V., & Sykes, T. A. (2013). Digital divide initiative success in developing countries: A longitudinal field study in a village in India. Information Systems Research, 24(2), 239–260. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1110.0409
Wargo, E., Carr Chellman, D., Budge, K., & Canfield Davis, K. (2020). On the digital frontier: Stakeholders in rural areas take on educational technology and schooling. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 0(0), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2020.1760753
Yan, P., & Schroeder, R. (2020). Variations in the adoption and use of mobile social apps in everyday lives in urban and rural China. Mobile Media and Communication, 8(3), 318–341. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157919884718
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal’s published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
