Media Coverage of Edward Snowden in 2013 and 2014
Main Article Content
Abstract
Whistleblowing has been acknowledged as an important contributor to government transparency and the watchdog function of the press. However, there has long been a tension between the U.S. government and its employees who decide to blow the whistle. The relationship between the U.S. government and whistleblowers is as complicated as the relationship between national security and the American press. This study explored how
the image of Edward Snowden, who revealed the extensive use of Americans’ surveillance in National Security Agency, was covered in ten different websites from 2013 to 2014. Snowden’s image appeared to be more positively viewed with the passage of time.
Keywords: whistleblowing, national security, Edward Snowden, NSA surveillance programs
Article Details
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Author (s) hold copyrights and retain copyrights of articles if the article is accepted for publishing.
- The author grants the journal, right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work’s authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal’s published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
- The article and any associated published material are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Public allowed to Share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) and Adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material) this journal article content.
References
Ackerman, S. “NSA Officials Consider Edward
Snowden Amnesty in Return for
Documents.”The Guardian. Accessed on
December 15, 2013. http://www. The
guardian. com/world/ 2013/ dec/15/ nsaedward-
snowden-amnesty-documents.
Andrade, Meylin K. Menjivar. "Julian Assange: A
Content Analysis of Media Framing in
Newspapers around the World." Electronic
Theses and Dissertations. 2013. Paper
http://dc. etsu.edu/ etd/1150.
Baker, P. “Moves to Curb Spying Help Drive the
Clemency Argument for Snowden.”The
New York Times. Accessed on January 4,
http://www.nytimes.com/ 2014/
/05/us/moves-to-curb-spying-help-drive-
the-clemency-argument-for-snowden.
Html?_r=0.
Ball, J. “Revealed: How US and UK Spy Agencies
Defeat Internet Privacy and Security.”The
Guardian. Accessed on September 5,
http://www.theguardian.com/worl
d/2013/sep/05/nsa-gchq-encryption-code
s-security.
Berk, S. “Whistleblowers – From Victorian
England to Dodd Frank.” The Corporate
Observer. Accessed on March 4, 2011,
http:// www.thecorporateobserver. com/
/03/04/whistleblowers-from-victorian
-england-to-dodd-frank/.
Burman, T. “Edwards Snowden’s Vindication.”The
Star. Accessed on April 19, 2014.
http://www.thestar.com/news/world/201
/04/19/edward_snowdens_vindication_b
urman.html.
Dyer, G. “Pulitzer Prizes Recognise NSA Leak
Reporting.”Financial Times. Accessed on
April 14, 2014. http://www.ft.com/cms/
s/0/21abdc36-c421-11e3-b2c3-00144fe
abd c0.html#axzz303JEplrX.
Fung, B.“Everything You Need to Know About
Obama’s NSA Reforms, in Plain English.
”The Washington Post. Accessed on
January 17, 2014, http://www. Washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/ wp/2014/
/17/everything-you-need-to-know-abou
t-obamas-nsa-reforms-in-plain-english/
Grassley, C. “Honoring America’s Truth-Tellers.”
Accessed on August 1, 2013. http://
www.grassley.senate.gov/news/Article. C
fm?customel_dataPageID_1502= 46694
Greenslade, R. “Pulitzer Prize for The Guardian -
Silence from The UK's Right-Wing
Press.”The Guardian. Accessed on April
, 2014. http://www. The guardian.
com/media/greenslade/ 2014/ apr/
/theguardian-national-newspapers.
Hacket, K. “Edward Snowden: The New Brand of
Whistleblower?”Quill. Accessed in
September/October, 2013.
Harding, L. The Snowden Files. New York:
Random House, 2014.
Harding, L.“How Edward Snowden Went from
Loyal NSA Contractor to Whistleblower.”
The Guardian. Accessed on January, 31,
http://www.the guardian. com/
world/2014/feb/01/edward-snowdenintelligence-
leak-nsa-contractor-extract.
Herbert, J. Journalism in The Digital Age: Theory
and Practice for Broadcast, Print and
Online Media. New York: Taylor & Francis,
Hollings, J. “The Informed Commitment Model:
Best Practice for Journalists Engaging
with Reluctant, Vulnerable Sources and
Whistleblowers.”Pacific Journalism Review,
(1) (2011): 67-89.
Johnson, R. A. Whistleblowing. Boulder, Colorado:
Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2003.
Jubb, P. “Whistleblowing: A Restrictive Definition
and Interpretation.” Journal of Business
Ethics, 21 (1) (1999): 77-94.
Lewis, D. Whistleblowing at Work. London:
Bloomsbury Academic, 2001.
Kawamoto, K. Digital Journalism: Emerging
Media and The Changing Horizons of
Journalism. Lanham, MD: Rowman &
Littlefield, 2003.
Knickerbocker, B. “Reaction to Obama's NSA
Speech Ranges from Lukewarm to
Skeptical.”The Christian Science Monitor.
Accessed on January 18, 2014. http://
www.csmonitor.com/ USA/ DC-Decoder/
/0118/Reaction-to-Obama-s-NSA-spe
ech-ranges-from-lukewarm-to-skeptical.
MacAskill, E.“The Long Arm of US Law: What
Next for Edward Snowden? The Guardian.
Accessed on December 1, 2013,
http:// www.theguardian. com/world/
/dec/02/edward-snowden-nsawhistleblower-
us-law.
Markon, J.“U.S. Drops Case Against Ex-Lobbyists.”
The Washington Post. Accessed on May
, 2009, http://www.Washington post.
com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/ 05/01/
AR2009050 101310. html.
Mazumdar, S. “Whistleblowers: More threatened
than threatening?”Media Asia, 40 (3)
(2013): 198-203.
Occupational Safety & Health Administration.
“The Whistleblower Protection Programs
.” n.d. http://www.whistleblowers. gov/.
Peterson, E.“Wikileaks and the Espionage Act
”News Media & the Law, 35 (3)
(2011): 9-11.
Roberts, D., & Ackerman, S. “Obama Review
Panel: Strip NSA Power to Collect Phone
Data Records. The Guardian. Accessed
on December 18, 2013, http://www.the
guardian.com/world/ 2013 /dec/18/nsabulk-
collection-phone-date-obama-review
-panel.
Savage, C. “Judge Questions Legality of N.S.A.
Phone Records. The New York Times.
Accessed on December 16, 2013.
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/17/us/
politics/federal-judge-rules-against-nsaphone-
data-program.html.
Seigenthaler, J. “Interview with Jill Abramson.”Al
Jazeera. Accessed on January 21, 2014.
http://america.aljazeera.com/watch/sho
ws/talk-to-al-jazeera/interviews-and-more/
/1/21/jill-abramson-talkstojohnseigen
tha ler.html.
Shimabukuro, J. O., & Whitaker, L. P. “Whistleblower
Protections under Federal Law:
An overview.” Congressional Research
Service. September 13, 2012.
Silver, D. (2008). “National Security and The
Press: The Government's Ability to
Prosecute Journalists for the Possession
or Publication of National Security
Information.” Communication Law and
Policy, 13 (4) (2008): 447-483, doi:
1080/1081168080 2388881.
Sledge, M. “Obama NSA Reform Speech Promises
Modest Changes.” The Huffington Post.
Accessed on January 17, 2014.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/
/obama-nsa-reformn 4612108. html.
Wahl-Jorgensen, K. & Hunt, J. “Journalism,
Accountability And The Possibilities For
Structural Critique: A Case Study Of
Coverage Of Whistleblowing”. Sage
Journalism, 13 (4) (2012): 399–416.